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Publications
Advancing Knowledge on AI and Distributed Agency in Warfare
HuMach Publications
The HuMach project produces cutting-edge research that advances our understanding of the complex relationship between humans and machines in military settings. Our publications provide valuable insights into distributed agency, AI governance, and the ethical, legal, and operational challenges that arise from the use of AI in warfare. Below you will find our collection of peer-reviewed journal articles, policy publications, and other scholarly contributions.
Journal Articles
Our team regularly publishes in leading peer-reviewed journals in the fields of International Relations, Science and Technology Studies (STS), and military ethics. These articles explore the theoretical and practical implications of AI in military operations, including the ethical concerns surrounding human-machine collaboration, accountability, and the governance frameworks necessary for responsible AI use in defence.
Pathways Towards Ensuring Human Control and Judgement Across the Military AI Lifecycle
By Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze
October 2026
In their article published as part of the Australian Army Research Centre’s collected series on Safety, Legal, and Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain, Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze explore practical pathways towards ensuring human control and judgement across the military AI lifecycle.
Drawing on Australia’s commitment to safeguarding the human role in the use of force, they examine how human control and judgement can be operationalised in practice. The article builds upon best practices identified through the ERC-funded AutoPractices project, which co-created a toolkit to strengthen the exercise of human control and judgement across the lifecycle of military AI systems.
Re-thinking human–machine interaction in the military domain
By Ingvild Bode and Kate Chandler
May 2026
In a Perspective article published by Nature Machine Intelligence, Ingvild Bode and Kate Chandler argue that safeguarding human control in the military domain requires examining the diverse forms of human–machine interaction that occur across the AI lifecycle. They review how actions at distinct stages, including research and development as well as testing, evaluation, validation and verification, impact human control. They then evaluate these dynamics through potential applications of AI-based decision support systems. Finally, they offer three recommendations to bolster the principle of human control: contestation mechanisms; continuous training; and documentation.
Policy Publications
HuMach produces a range of policy publications that summarise key findings from our research in an accessible ways. These reports are designed for policy-makers, military officials, and other stakeholders in AI governance, offering practical recommendations. These publications are grounded in rigorous analysis and draw on diverse insights gained through our in-depth academic research.
Collective Policy Brief
By Anna Nadibaidze
March 2026
Anna Nadibaidze, together with Justinas Lingevicius (Vilnius University), co-edited the collective policy brief Geopolitics of AI Governance: Actors, Norms, and Trends, published by the Center for War Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. This collective policy brief brings together a new generation of International Relations (IR) scholars who analyse the rapidly evolving complexity of actors, norms, and trends related to AI governance, broadly defined. It features seven contributions written by early career researchers based at different European universities.
Policy Brief for the Center for International Governance Innovation
By Ingvild Bode
January 2025
Ingvild Bode wrote a policy brief entitled “Human-Machine Interaction and Human Agency in the Military Domain” for the Center for International Governance Innovation. The policy brief describes in accessible form what is at stake when we talk about human-machine interaction in the military domain: the emergence of a shared decision-making space between humans and AI technologies. The brief outlines how this distributed agency raises foundational, operational, ethical-normative, and legal challenges. It argues that militaries need to be aware of these challenges rather than only focusing on positive-sum outcomes associated with human-machine interaction.
Other Publications
In addition to journal articles and reports, our team contributes to a variety of other scholarly publications, including book chapters, conference proceedings, and other publications. These works aim to engage broader academic and policy communities, addressing emerging trends in military AI and their implications for international security and human rights.
Opinio Juris Symposium on Military AI
By Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze
April 2024
Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze wrote a contribution for Opinio Juris‘ Symposium on Military AI and the Law of Armed Conflict, convened by Lena Trabucco and Magda Pacholska. Their article, entitled “Human-machine Interaction in the Military Domain and the Responsible AI Framework”, offers a preliminary examination of the extent to which the Responsible AI framework addresses challenges attached to changing human-machine interaction in the military domain. This is a broad scene-setting piece outlining some of the core concerns of the HuMach project.