By Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze

October 2025

Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze contributed to the special issue “The Ethics of Military AI: Responsibility, Control and Moral Judgement”, published in Ethics and Information Technology and edited by Jeroen van den Hoven and Jonne Maas.

In the article “Ensuring the exercise of human agency in AI-based military systems: concerns across the lifecycle“, Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze, together with Tom Watts (Royal Holloway University of London) and Qiaochu Zhang (European University Institute), examine 12 types of concerns surrounding the exercise of human agency across the lifecycle of AI systems. They argue that ensuring the exercise of human agency in the use of military AI systems requires reflective decision-making around questions and challenges of human-machine interactions.

In the article “Establishing human responsibility and accountability at early stages of the lifecycle for AI-based defence systems“, Ariel Conn (Mag10 Consulting) and Ingvild Bode focus on the establishment of human responsibility and accountability at the early stages of the lifecycle for AI-based defence systems. They call for a shift towards recognizing and assigning responsibility for human involvement throughout the early stages of the lifecycle to mitigate potential risks before deployment.