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Publications
Advancing Knowledge on AI and Distributed Agency in Warfare
HuMach Publications
The HuMach project produces cutting-edge research that advances our understanding of the complex relationship between humans and machines in military settings. Our publications provide valuable insights into distributed agency, AI governance, and the ethical, legal, and operational challenges that arise from the use of AI in warfare. Below you will find our collection of peer-reviewed journal articles, policy publications, and other scholarly contributions.
Journal Articles
Our team regularly publishes in leading peer-reviewed journals in the fields of International Relations, Science and Technology Studies (STS), and military ethics. These articles explore the theoretical and practical implications of AI in military operations, including the ethical concerns surrounding human-machine collaboration, accountability, and the governance frameworks necessary for responsible AI use in defence.
Contribution to ethics and information technology
By Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze
October 2025
Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze contributed through the following two articles to the collection of Ethics of Military AI: Responsibility, Control and Moral judgement.
Article 1 focuses on the establishment of human responsibility and accountability at the early stages of the lifecycle for AI-based defence systems. It calls for a shift towards recognizing and assigning responsibility for human involvement throughout the early stages – including research, design, testing and procurement – to mitigate potential risks before deployment. The article recommends the adoption of IEEE-SA Lifecycle Framework, consideration of policy knots and Human Readiness Levels. The article also includes contributions from Ariel Conn.
Article 2 addresses the governance of military applications of AI technologies (AIT) and the need to ensure a sufficient level of human agency in the use-of-force desicion-making. It primarily examines concerns surrounding the exercise of human agency, and calls for integrating these principles throughout the entire lifecycle of AI-based systems to strengthen ethical governance in the military domain. The article also includes contributions from Tom Watts and Qiaochu Zhang.
Contribution to special forum
By Ingvild Bode
August 2025
Ingvild Bode contributed to the special collection “Myth, Power, and Agency: Rethinking Artificial Intelligence, Geopolitics and War”, published open-access in Minds and Machines. This collection explores how AI is reshaping war, sovereignty, and human agency by entangling technological experimentation with myth-making and geopolitical power. It includes contributions from Raluca Csernatoni, Dennis Broeders, Lise H. Andersen, Marijn Hoijtink, Elke Schwarz, and Jon R. Lindsay.
Policy Publications
HuMach produces a range of policy publications that summarise key findings from our research in an accessible ways. These reports are designed for policy-makers, military officials, and other stakeholders in AI governance, offering practical recommendations. These publications are grounded in rigorous analysis and draw on diverse insights gained through our in-depth academic research.
Policy Brief for the Center for International Governance Innovation
By Ingvild Bode
January 2025
Ingvild Bode wrote a policy brief entitled “Human-Machine Interaction and Human Agency in the Military Domain” for the Center for International Governance Innovation. The policy brief describes in accessible form what is at stake when we talk about human-machine interaction in the military domain: the emergence of a shared decision-making space between humans and AI technologies. The brief outlines how this distributed agency raises foundational, operational, ethical-normative, and legal challenges. It argues that militaries need to be aware of these challenges rather than only focusing on positive-sum outcomes associated with human-machine interaction.
Other Publications
In addition to journal articles and reports, our team contributes to a variety of other scholarly publications, including book chapters, conference proceedings, and other publications. These works aim to engage broader academic and policy communities, addressing emerging trends in military AI and their implications for international security and human rights.
Opinio Juris Symposium on Military AI
By Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze
April 2024
Ingvild Bode and Anna Nadibaidze wrote a contribution for Opinio Juris‘ Symposium on Military AI and the Law of Armed Conflict, convened by Lena Trabucco and Magda Pacholska. Their article, entitled “Human-machine Interaction in the Military Domain and the Responsible AI Framework”, offers a preliminary examination of the extent to which the Responsible AI framework addresses challenges attached to changing human-machine interaction in the military domain. This is a broad scene-setting piece outlining some of the core concerns of the HuMach project.